航海气象学与海洋学

CHAPTER 1 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS

1.1 The Atmosphere

1.1.1 Introduction

1.1.2 Vertical Structure of the Atmosphere

1.1.3 Composition of the Atmosphere

1.2 Solar Radiation and Air Temperature

1.2.1 Solar Radiation

1.2.2 Air Temperature and Temperature Scales

1.2.3 Diurnal and Annual Variations of Air Temperature

1.3 Atmospheric Pressure

1.3.1 Air Pressure and Its Units

1.3.2 Variation of Pressure with Height

1.3.3 Diurnal and Annual Variations of Air Pressure

1.3.4 Isobars

1.3.5 Pressure Gradient

1.3.6 Common Types of Pressure Fields

1.4 Stability of the Atmosphere

1.4.1 Concept of Stability

1.4.2 Adiabatic Lapse Rate

1.4.3 Equilibrium of Stability

1.4.4 Stability and Weather

1.5 Air Humidity

1. 5.1 Characteristics of Vapor in the Atmosphere

1.5.2 Description of Air Humidity

1.5.3 Variations of Absolute Humidity

1.5.4 Variations of Relative Humidity

1.6 Wind

1.6.1 Definition and Description of Wind

1.6.2 The Beaufort Scale of Wind Force

1.6.3 Geostrophic Wind and Gradient Wind

1.6.4 Buys Ballot' s Law

1.6.5 The Effect of Friction

1.7 Clouds and Precipitation

1.7.1 The Formation of Clouds

1.7.2 The International Classification of Clouds

1.7.3 Cloud Cover

1.7.4 Types of Precipitation

1.7.5 Intensity of Precipitation

1.8 Visibility and Fog

1.8.1 Definition and Classification of Visibility

1.8.2 Definition and Classification of Fog

1.8.3 Main Types of Fog

1.9 Shipborne Observation and Shipborne Meteorological Instruments

1.9.1 Shipborne Observations

1.9.2 Code Used for the Transmission of Ships Weather Messages

1.9.3 Non-Routine Reports

1.9.4 Visibility Measurement

1.9.5 Wind Measurement

1.9.6 Temperature Measurement

1.9.7 Air Pressure Measurement

1.9.8 Weather Phenomena

1.9.9 Cloud Types and Amounts

1.9.10 Observing Ocean Waves

CHAPTER 2 WEATHER SYSTEMS

2.1 Weather Charts

2.1.1 Outline of Weather Charts

2.1.2 Weather Chart Projections

2.1.3 Surface Charts

2.2 Air Masses and Fronts

2.2.1 Air Mass

2.2.2 Front Classification

2.2.3 Frontal Elements

2.2.4 Weather and Fronts

2.3 Extra-tropical Anticyclone

2.3.1 Outline of Anticyclone

2.3.2 Siberian High

2.3.3 Weather Associated with the Extra-tropical Anticyclone

2.3.4 Movement of Extra-tropical Anticyclone

2.3.5 Cold Air Grades

2.4 Subtropical High

2.4.1 Formation and Distribution

2.4.2 Monitoring of the Northwest Pacific Subtropical High

2.4.3 Migration of Subtropical High

2.4.4 Subtropical High Weather

2.5 Extratropical Cyclone

2.5.1 Outline Extratropical Cyclone

2.5.2 Cyclogenesis

2.5.3 Weather Associated with Extratropical Cyclones

2.5.4 Cyclone Tracking

2.6 Tropical Cyclones

2.6.1 Outline of Tropical Cyclone

2.6.2 Locations and Seasons

2.6.3 Classifications， Terminology and Naming

2.6.4 Chinese Warning System

2.6.5 Conditions Necessary for the Formation of TCs

2.6.6 Structure and Size

2.6.7 Dissipation of Tropical Cyclones

2.6.8 Movement and Track

2.6.9 Observation and Forecasting

2.6.10 Avoiding Tropical Cyclones

CHAPTER 3 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF CLIMATOLOGY

3.1 Wind and Pressure Systems

3.1.1 Three-cell Circulation Model

3.1.2 Major Wind Patterns

3.1.3 Observed Wind and Pressure Fields

3.1.4 Monsoon

3.1.5 Sea and Land Breezes

3.2 Areas and Seasons of Strong Winds at Sea

3.3 Distribution of Sea Fog

3.3.1 General Distribution of Sea Fog

3.3.2 Foggy Locations in the Ocean

CHAPTER 4 BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF OCEANOGRAPHY

4.1 Ocean Currents

4.1.1 Outline of Ocean Currents

4.1.2 The Formation of Currents

4.1.3 Main Ocean Currents

4.1.4 E1 Ni no-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）

4.2 Sea Waves

4.2.1 Description of Sea Waves

4.2.2 Formation of Waves

4.2.3 Types of Wind Waves

4.2.4 Effects of Currents on Waves

4.2.5 Effects of Ice on Waves

4.2.6 Tsunamis

4.2.7 Storm Tides

4.3 Sea Ice

4.3.1 Types of Sea Ice

4.3.2 Iceberg Drift

4.3.3 Extent of Ice in the Sea

CHAPTER 5 WEATHER INFORMATION AND SERVICES

5.1 Weather Information for Shipping

5.1.1 Introduction of WMO

5.1.2 Receiving Marine Weather Forecast Products Onboard

5.1.3 Radiofax Weather Charts

5.2 Interpretation and Application of Weather Charts

5.2.1 Interpretation and Application of Surface Charts

5.2.2 Interpretation and Application of Wave Charts

5.2.3 TC Warning Reports and TC Forecast Charts

5.2.4 Interpretation and Application of Satellite Imagery

5.2.5 Interpretation and Application of Other Charts

5.3 Introduction to Weather Routing

5.3.1 Outline of Weather Routing

5.3.2 Ship and Cargo Considerations

5.3.3 Environmental Factors

5.3.4 Synoptic Weather Considerations

5.3.5 Types of Recommendations and Advisories

5.3.6 Communications

Bibliography

This book is applicable to the deck mates aiming at observing and recording weather conditions andin interpreting prevailing conditions to predict future weather patterns and also to professionally studyweather forecasts. This book is organized into five sections. Starting with the basic knowledge of the mete- orological dements， temperature， pressure， humidity， wind， cloud， visibility and weather phenomena arebriefed. An emphasis on Buys - Ballot Law explains the formation of the wind and the relationship be-tween the wind and air pressure field. Then weather systems often encountered at sea， such as fronts， cy-clones and anticyclones， are covered. Tropical cyclones produce the most severe weather so we have muchdiscussion on the topic. The following section is the summary of the ocean climatology. The fourth sectionis the introduction of ocean current， waves， and sea ice. The last section of the book recites the weatherinformation and services available at sea. Fax charts are by far the most valuable forecasting tool at ourdisposal. We cannot emphasize too strongly the importance of understanding these charts， and having areliable means to receive them. This book is to be used as a textbook for the course of Meteorology and Oceanography for Mariners inDalian Maritime University. This book may also be used by mariners as general reference.