八. although "虽然，尽管"。but 意为"但是"。英语中，although与but不能同时 使用。

1. ________it rained，the boys still played outside. = It rained，___________ the boys still played outside.

2. Although I get up early, I can't catch the early bus. = I get up early, but I can't catch the early bus.

　　My cousin knows a lot about geography， he is only four years old.

A. because B. so C. although

九. It's+adj+（for sb.）+to do sth. 意为 "（对某人来说）做某事是......的"。

Eg：It's very important to listen carefully in class. 上课认真听讲很重要。

It's easy for us to swim. 对我们来说游泳很容易。

It's very hard for him to study English. _____________________________________

练习 1.It is very important for us _______ English well.

2.it's very nice ___ you _______my parents your best wishes.

3.-I often have hamburgers for lunch.

-You'd better not. It's bad for you ________ too much junk food.

十. by+交通工具 乘.... by+时间 到.....时（为止） by+地点 在.....旁边

【拓展】through和by的区别、

　　　　through 后常加名词表示手段媒介，through exercise 通过锻炼

　　　　by 后常加工具或v-ing, by working hard (by doing sth. 通过做某事)

十一. such as 例如；像...这样。后面跟名称、代词、动词的ing形式

Eg: I have a lot of hobbies, such as __________and ___________. 我有许多爱好，比如读书和唱歌。

　　 拓展：such adj.& pron.这样的；那样的；类似的 ； 作形容词时，其后修饰名词。

　　Tom lives in such a large house. 汤姆住在一所这么大的房子里。

　　such和so

　　二者都有"如此；这样"的意思，但具体用法相异。such用来修饰名词，so用来修饰形容词或副词。

　　①such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(单数) ②such＋adj.＋n.(复数/不可数名词)

　　③so＋adj./adv. ④so＋adj.＋a/an＋n.(单数)＝such＋a/an＋adj.＋n.(单数)

　　⑤so＋many/few/much/little＋n.(复数/不可数名词)

　　He is such a clever boy.＝He is so clever a boy.

　　It's such fine weather today.

　　They didn't have so much time to do their homework.他们没有如此多的时间去做作业。

十二. spend 意为"度过" 或"花费（时间、金钱）"。

Eg: Come and spend the weekend with us. 来和我们一起度过周末吧。

spend time\money on sth.在...上花费时间或金钱.

=spend time\money （in） doing sth. 花费时间或金钱做某事

He didn't spend much time on his homework.= He didn't spend much time______________ his homework.

I spend 200 yuan on a new coat. = I spend 200 yuan ________________ a new coat. Don't spend too much time watching TV. = Don't spend too much time _____TV.

He always spend his time playing football. = He always spend his time ______ football.

拓展比较：

1. cost的主语是物

sth. costs sb.＋金钱/时间 某物花了某人多少钱/时间。

doing sth. costs sb.＋时间 做某事花了某人多少时间。

2. take后面常跟双宾语， 常见用法有以下几种：

It takes sb.＋时间/金钱＋to do sth. 做某事花了某人多少时间。

例：It took them three years to build this road. 他们用了三年时间修完了这条路。