教学课题 人教版高二英语必修5 Unit 1 Great scientists 同步教案（2） 教学目标 知识目标：1.熟悉过去分词作定语和表语

2.掌握基本句型，学会议论文写作

能力目标：学会用英语来写议论文。

情感态度价值观：能够了解一些伟大的科学家们，以及他们值得学习的品质。 教学重点与难点 重点：熟练掌握过去分词作定语和表语

难点：不定式短语作目的状语 教学过程

（一） 语法：过去分词作定语和表语

知识梳理

一、 过去分词

1. 过去分词的构成及意义：

A watched pot never boils. 心急锅不开 。

①There only seemed to be powders designed to kilt snakes.

②I placed the frozen bowl over the snakes' habitat.

③The criteria are so strict that it is difficult to get new ideas.

过去分词短语：可以带有自己的宾语或被状语修饰。

过去分词的否定式：not /never+v-ed

过去分词的意义：一般表示完成和被动的动作。

补充：

1. Given more time, I could have done it better.

①及物动词的-ed形式通常带有被动完成意义或被动一般意义。

2. We should bring in advanced technology from developed countries.

②不及物动词的-ed形式仅表示完成意义，没有被动含义。

2. 过去分词的基本特点

1.从语态上讲 ：过去分词一般表被动 。

2.从时态上讲 ：过去分词表示已经完成的动作 ；

表示被动意义的主动结构

1.某些连系动词, 如smell; taste; feel; sound; prove等；

　 Cotton feels soft. (adj.)

2.某些用来表示主语内在品质或性能的及物动词,如shut; open; move; read; write; sell; wash; clean; catch; draw;

　 cut; photograph等，

　 The book sells well. (adv.)

3.某些表"发生(happen/take place), 爆发(break out) 和传播(spread)"的不及物动词。

4. 不定式作定语与被修饰名词构成动宾关系时；

　 He had an important meeting to attend.

5.在be＋adj.＋to do

English is difficult to learn.

6. be to blame/seek/let

The house is to let.这房子是要出租的.

The cause is not far to seek.原因不难找到.

I felt I was to blame, too.我觉得我也应受责备.

7. sth. need/want/require doing

8.be worth doing

注意: 一些短语中过去分词和现在分词的使用是约定俗成的，应加以记忆，如：worried look (忧虑的表情)，a puzzled girl (迷惑的女孩)，trembling voice/lips(颤抖的嗓音/嘴唇)，shaking hands(颤抖的双手)，generally speaking (一般来说)，judging from/by（根据......来判断）等等。

二、 过去分词的定语和表语功能

定

语 表"完成"或"被动" boiled water开水　　　　　　fallen leaves落叶

the risen sun升起的太阳　　selected apples 精选苹果

spoken English英语口语　　　iced beer冰镇啤酒(

cooked food熟食　　　　　　　fried chips炸土豆条 单个的过去分词作定语时，

常置于其所修饰的名词之前。

The boy looked up with a pleased expression.

　男孩带着满意的表情举目而视。

We must adapt our thinking to the changed conditions.

我们必须使我们的思想适应改变了的情况。

过去分词短语作定语时，须将分词放在被修饰的词语之后，功能相当于一个定语从句。 Near the window，there is a bookshelf filled with many books(=which is filled with many books).

靠近窗户，有一个装满书的书架。

Her daughter，brought up by me(=who was brought up by me)has begun to work now.

由我带大的她的女儿现在已经参加工作了。

The concert given by their friends was a success.

他们朋友举行的音乐会大为成功。

注意以下情况：

1. 单个分词也可以作后置定语，用以强调动作。例如：

They decided to change the material used. 他们决定更换使用的材料。

2. 如果被修饰的词是由every/some/any/no + thing/body/one所构成的复合代词或指示代词those等时，即使一个单一的分词作形容词用，也要放在被修饰词的后面。例如：

Is there anything unsolved? 还有没解决的问题吗？

There is nothing changed here since I left this town.自从我离开这个城镇以来，几乎没有什么变化。

3. 单个过去分词前加一名词或副词，常用连字符将它们连接起来构成一个复合形容词，放在其修饰的名词前，作前置定语。分词前加的名词表示分词的动作或行为主体，所加的副词表示方式、时间、程度、性质等意义。例如：

This is a state-owned factory. 这是一家国营工厂。

This is our school-run factory. 这是我们的校办工厂。

4. v-ed和v-ing作定语的区别

①the risen sun升起了的太阳 the rising sun正在升起的太阳

②developed countries发达国家 developing countries 发展中国家

③boiled water 开水 boiling water 正沸腾的水

④fallen leaves 落叶 falling leaves 正在飘落的叶子

⑤iced beer 冰冻啤酒 spoken English 英语口语

The building built (build) last year is our library.

Being built (build)now will be our library

To be built (build ) next year wil be our library.

原 形 用作定语的过去分词 用作表语或谓语的过去分词 drink drunken drunk light lighted light/ lit melt melted melted sink sunken sunk We lit the candle and the candle lit up the room. 我们点着蜡烛，蜡烛照亮房间。

There is a lighted candle on the table. 桌上有一支点着的蜡烛。

巧 学 助 记

分词做定语的位置口诀：

"定分"位置有二条，词前词后定分晓。

单个分词在词前，有时此规有颠倒。

分词短语在词后，"定从"和它互对照。

"现分"动作进行时，"过分"动作完成了。

注："定分"：做定语的分词；"定从"：定语从句；"现分"：现在分词；"过分"：过去分词。

表

语 当"人"作主语时用过去分词作表语，表示主语的状态或思想感情等 When we heard of it，we were deeply moved.

当我们听到这件事时，被深深地感动了。

He seemed quite delighted at the idea.

听到这个想法，他似乎很高兴。 过去分词作表语不要与被动语态混为一体。分词作表语表示主语的状态，而被动语态则表示被动的动作。 My glasses are broken.

我的眼镜碎了。(状态)

My glasses were broken by my son.

我的眼镜被我儿子摔碎了。(动作)

On the earth，70% of the surface is covered with water.

地球表面70%是被水覆盖的。(状态)

I was greatly surprised by a knock at the door.

敲门声使我大为吃惊。(动作)

注意：

1.v-ed l v-ing 作表语的区别：

人作主语 物作主语

"觉得" "令人..."

His lecture is interesting, which made us interested.

I am interested in his lecture which is interesting.

2.常见的作表语的过去分词：amuse，astonished，broken, connected, closed ,covered, crowed, delighted,disappointed, dressed, drunk, experienced, gone, lost, worried, interested, tired, pleased, satisfied, surprised, married, known

巩固训练

一、真题演练

1.（全国卷II,15）The island, to the mainland by a bridge, is easy to go to.

A. joining B. to join C. joined D. having joined

2.（湖南卷,23）The players from the whole country are expected to bring us honor in this summer game .

　A selecting B to select C selected D having selected

3.（湖南卷）So far nobody has claimed the money in the library.

A. discovered B. to be discovered

C. discovering D. having discovered

4.（四川卷）A great number of students said they were forced to practise the piano.

　A. to question B. to be questioned C. questioned D. questioning

A. advertised B. to be advertised C. advertising D. having advertised

6.（福建卷）In April, thousands of holidaymakers remained abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.

A. sticking B. stuck C. to be stuck D. to have stuck

7.（四川卷）Ladies and gentlemen, please remain __________ until the plane has come to a complete stop.

A. seated B. seating C. to seat D. seat

8.（北京卷）For breakfast he only drinks juice from fresh fruit _____ on his own farm.

A. grown B. being grown C. to be grown D. to grow

9.（上海卷）With the government's aid, those _____ by the earthquake have moved to the new settlements.

A. affect B. affecting C. affected D. were affected

10.（湖南卷）____ twice, the postman refused to deliver our letters unless we changed our dog.

A. Being bitten B. Bitten C. Having bitten D. To be bitten

二. 请用适当的分词填空。

1. A. Nobody was in the story he told. (interested, interesting )

B. The story he told was very . (interested, interesting )

2. A. Everybody was to hear the news. (excited, exciting )

B. The news is very indeed. (excited, exciting )

3. A. The result of the test was rather . (disappointed, disappointing )

B. He was very at the result of the test. (disappointed, disappointing )

4. A. What he said was very ( amused, amusing )

　B. I was very at the sight. ( amused, amusing )

Key: 一、 1-5 CCACA 6-10 BAACB

二、1.interested; interesting 2. excited; exciting 3. disappointing; disappointed 4.amusing; amused

（二）不定式短语作目的状语的用法

知识梳理

一、不定式和不定式短语作目的状语

不定式和不定式短语作目的状语，主要用来修饰动词，表示某一动作或状态的目的。为了使目的意义更加清楚或表示强调意义时，还可以在前面加 in order to 或 so as to。

例如： I've written it down in order not to forget.

　　　　He shouted and waved so as to be noticed.

在句子中作谓语动词的状语的不定式或不定式短语，表示的是主语的目的，因此，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。比较：

To draw maps properly, you need a special pen.(正)

To draw maps properly, a special pen is needed.(误)

由 in order to 引导的目的状语，既可以置于句尾，也可以置于句首；

而由 so as to 引导的目的状语，只能置于句尾，而不能置于句首。

比较：

They started early in order to get there in time.(正)

In order to get there in time, they started early.(正)

They started early so as to get there in time.(正)

So as to get there in time, they started early.(误)

二、不定式的复合结构作目的状语

当不定式或不定式短语有自己的执行者时，要用不定式的复合结构(即在不定式或不定式短语之前加 for + 名词或宾格代词)作状语。例如：

He opened the door for the children to come in.

She fetched several bottles which she placed on the counter for Harry to inspect.

三、目的状语从句与不定式的转换

英语中的目的状语从句，还可以变为不定式或不定式短语作状语，从而使句子在结构上得以简化。可分为两种情况：

1. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语相同时，可以直接简化为不定式或不定式短语作状语。例如：

We'll start early in order that/so that we may arrive in time.

We'll start early in order to/so as to arrive in time.

2. 当目的状语从句中的主语与主句中的主语不相同时，要用动词不定式的复合结构作状语。例如：

I came early in order that you might read my report before the meeting.

I came early (in order) for you to read my report before the meeting.

四、不定式作目的状语的三个特点

1.句意上的特点：

不定式用作目的状语时，其句意特点很明显，通常在译成中文时可用"为了"来表示。如：

To record press both buttons. 录音时须按双钮。

To avoid any delay please phone your order direct. 为免延误，请直接打电话预订。

To save class time, our teacher has us students do half of the exercises in class and complete the other half for our homework. 为了节约课堂时间，我们的老师要求我们学生在课堂上做一半练习，剩下的一半在课后作为家庭作业完成。

有时即使没有直接翻译出"为了"，但其中包含了类似意思，如"目的是""目的是为了"等。如：

The Government set up a working party to look into the problem.

Doctors worked through the night to save the life of the injured man.

医生彻夜工作以拯救伤者的生命。(以拯救伤者的生命=目的是为了拯救伤者的生命)

2.结构上的特点

不定式用作目的状语有两个可能的位置，一是在句首，二是在句末。一般说来，用于句首属于强调性用法，即强调动词的目的。

比较：

To illustrate my point I have done a comparative analysis. 为说明我的观点，我做了对比分析。

I have done a comparative analysis to illustrate my point. 我做了对比分析来说明我的观点。

有时为了特别强调目的状语，可以在不定式之前加上in order或so as，即构成in order to do sth和so as to do sth结构。如：

Many farmers fertilize their crops in order to make them grow more quickly.

许多农民给庄稼施肥，为的是让庄稼长得更快些。

I'll write down his telephone number so as not to forget it.

我要把他的电话号码写下来，以免忘记。

3.语法上的特点

从语法上看，不定式表示目的通常是指发生在谓语动作之后的动作，也就是说，若以谓语动作发生的时间为标准，用作目的状语的不定式是一个尚未发生的将来动作。如：

He turned his head around to look at people. 他扭头看人。

"扭头"的目的是为了"看人"。很显然，谓语动作"扭头"在先，目的状语"看人"在后。若以"扭头"发生的时间为标准，"看人"为尚未发生的将来动作。

To kill bugs, spray the area regularly. 为了杀死臭虫，这地方要经常喷洒(药水)。

"喷洒(药水)"的目的是为了"杀死臭虫"。从逻辑上讲，应该是先"喷洒(药水)"，然后才能"杀死臭虫"。

注意：

1. 不定式作目的状语可以置于句首，并且当需要强调时，通常会置于句首。但是，同学们在做题时千万不要以为位于句首的不定式就一定是目的状语。请看：

　　To cooperate with others is important. 同他人合作很重要。

　　To know something about English is one thing；to know English is quite another.

　　懂一点英语是一回事；掌握英语完全是另一回事。

上面两句中位于句首的不定式不是目的状语，而是主语。请再看下面的例句：

　　To order a vehicle, you have to pay a deposit. 订购一辆汽车，你必须交付押金。

　　To look at him you'd never think he was a successful businessman.

　　若看他的外貌，谁也想不到他是个事业有成的商人。

上面两句用于句首的不定式是状语，但不是目的状语，而是条件状语，分别相当于：If you want to order a vehicle和If you looked at him。其中第二句用的是虚拟语气。

2. 有人认为回答why的提问时，一定要用不定式，而不能用其他形式的非谓语动词。这种观点很不全面，可能会起误导作用，如下面这个句子了不定式来回答why的提问：

　　"Why did you go this way?" "To save time." "你为什么走了这条路?""为了节省时间。"

　　句中的To save time可视为Because I wanted to save time之省略。

但是，下面这个句子却用了动词的-ing形式：

"Why does he look so sad?" "Having lost his wallet." "他看上去为什么如此伤心？""他把钱包给丢了。"

句中的having lost his wallet可视为Because he has lost his wallet之省略。

巩固训练

一、真题演练

1. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there _________ for a space flight. (江西卷)

　　A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained

2. The children talked so loudly at dinner table that I had to struggle _________.

　　A. to be heard B. to have heard C. hearing D. being heard

3. In order to gain a bigger share in the international market, many state-run companies are striving their products more competitive.

　　A. to make 　　B. making C. to have made 　D. having made

4. _______ the project as planned, we'll have to work two more hours a day.

　　A. Completing B. Complete C. Completed D. To complete

5. When asked why he went there, he said he was sent there ______ for a space flight.

　　A. training B. being trained C. to have trained D. to be trained

6. ________ this cake, you'll need 2 eggs, 175g sugar and 175g flour.

　　A. Having made B. Make C. To make D. Making

7. All this gifts must be mailed immediately _________ in time for Christmas.

　　A. in order to have received B. in order to receive

　　C. so as to be received D. so as to be receiving

二、根据句意完成句子。

1. He went home to see his mother.

　他为了看望妈妈回到了家。

2. She got up early in order the first bus.

　为了不错过第一辆公交车她起得很早。

3. with his classmates, he studied very hard.

　为了赶上他的同班同学，他非常努力地学习。

Key ：一、1.D 2.A 3.A 4.D 5.D 6.C 7.C

二、1. in order/ so as 2.not to miss 3.To catch up

（三） 单元写作任务--如何组织书写议论文的论点

　　议论文属于应用文。

　　议论文的结构：

　　1、引言段引出一个令人关注的问题或明白地亮出自己的观点，如提倡什么，支持什么，反对什么。

　　2、主体段对提出的问题进行分析、推论、并运用归纳法、演绎法和类比法等进行论证，取得以理服人的效果。

　　3、结论段可以用两三句话来结束文章，同时要注意重申论点，与引言段呼应，但不能照搬原话。务必做到论点明确、要点齐全、论证严密、结构严谨、层次分明、首尾呼应。

　　议论文的写作要点：

　　1.观点鲜明，一个明确的中心论点。

　　2.层次分明，一个中心论点通常有几个分论点支持，不同层次之间要分明，过渡清晰自然。

　　3.最后一段总结，得出结论。

　　4.时态一般用一般现在时。

　　5.语言简洁有力，一般不采用口语。

表达不同观点的套语：

总起：

Different people hold different opinions.

Opinions are divided.

People have taken/adopted different attitudes towards...

People take different views on this question.

不同观点之间的衔接：

However, ... of them hold a different view/... of them hold the opposite opinion.

People who are against it don't think so.

However, each coin has two sides.

Different from those..., ... people think...

On the other hand, ... people object that....

并列关系：and, as well as, also...

递进关系：besides, in addition, moreover, what's more...

比较、对比：like, unlike, on the contrary, on the other....

►即学即练

请根据下面的内容写一篇作文。

假设你叫李华，是高二学生，请给Copernicus（哥白尼）写一封信，请求他公开他的理论。

内容包括：

1．告诉Copernicus你是谁，你为什么想让他公开他的想法与理论。

2．公开理由①（关于现有理论所存在的问题：如果地球是太阳系的中心，行星移动的方式没有任何意义；一些恒星的亮度变化也很奇怪）。

3．公开理由②（如果人们不把他们的想法公布科学难以发展）。

4．再次请求他重新考虑发表理论。

开头结尾已给出。

Dear Copernicus：

I am a senior 2 students._________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours，

Li hua

Key: Dear Copernicus：

　　I am a Senior 2 student and I would very much like to read your new theory about the solar system. I hope you will publish it for several reasons. I understand the problems with the present theory. ①The way the planets move doesn't make any sense if the earth was the centre of the solar system. ②It is also strange that the brightness of some stars seems to change. So I agree with you that we need a new theory.

　　I know your observations have been very carefully carried out over many years. ①Now you must have the courage to publish them. ②Science can never advance unless people have the courage of their beliefs. ③I know you worry about what will happen if you publish your new theory. ④No matter how people oppose it, time will show if your ideas are right or wrong.

　　So I hope you will feel you can publish your new theory.

Yours，

Li hua