②Bill Gates contributed more than 90 percent of his money to charity.

　　比尔·盖茨把他百分之九十以上的钱都捐献给了慈善事业。

　　③She has made great contributions (contribute) to the cause of education.

　　她为教育事业做出了巨大贡献。

　　[语境串记]　Many people contribute money to the poor boy, which contributed to his returning to school. A writer wrote a story about it and contributed it to a newspaper.

　　很多人把钱捐给这个贫穷的男孩子，这有助于他重回校园。一位作家写了一篇关于此事的文章并把它投到了报社。

　　2．(教材P44)The playwrights Sophocles, Aeschylus and Euripides transformed drama into a serious art.

　　剧作家索福克勒斯、埃斯库罗斯和欧里庇得斯把戏剧变成了一门严肃的艺术。

　　transform vt.改变，转化

　　transform ... (from ...) into ...　 把......从......变成......

　　transformation n. 改变，改观

　　①Our aim is to transform solar energy into fortune and power to benefit people.

　　把太阳能转化为财富和能量，造福于人类，是我们的目标。

　　②The movie transformed Zhou Dongyu almost overnight from an unknown school­girl into a famous star.

　　那部电影几乎在一夜之间就把周冬雨从一名默默无闻的女学生变成了一位明星。

　　③Success and wealth brought great transformation (transform) to his character.

　　成功和财富使他的性格发生了很大变化。

　　3．(教材P44)To start with, Athens could afford it.

　　首先，雅典有这个能力承担。

　　to start with首先，第一；起初，开始时

　　to begin with (＝to start with)首先，第一；起初，开始时

　　begin (...) with ...＝start (...) with ...

　　 以......开始(......)

　　①To start with, we haven't enough money, and secondly we're too busy.

　　首先，我们没有足够的钱；再次，我们太忙了。

　　②It's a truth that knowledge begins/starts_with practice.

　　知识来源于实践是个真理。

afford vt.(有足够的金钱、时间)做；买得起；付得出；提供，给予