accounts if we want cheaper hotels. Not finding a way to fight back, we can't do anything but accept them passively.

　　　4．How does big data serve companies according to the text?

　　　A．By being kind to all users.

　　　B．By giving a discount to stable users.

　　　C．By attracting new users by analyzing their shopping habits.

　　　D．By recommending the same products with higher prices to regular users.

　　　5．What do we know from the third paragraph?

　　　A．Membership can rid you of all the ads.

　　　B．Only by being a VIP can you get a better service.

　　　C．The slow download speed is due to your poor network.

　　　D．Advertising income is the biggest income for video websites.

　　　6．What is the author' attitude towards the chances of finding a way to fight back?

　　　A．Uncertain. B．Casual.

　　　C．Negative. D．Positive.

　　　7．What is the main idea of the text?

　　　A．The big data provides helpful information to users.

　　　B．We have to accept online consumption as it is.

　　　C．There exist many online consumption traps.

　　　D．Regular customers are richer.

　　　Antarctica(南极洲)'s melting ice, which has caused global sea levels to rise by at least 13.8 millimeters over the past 40 years, was thought to primarily come from the unstable West Antarctic Ice Sheet(WAIS). Now, scientists have found that the East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS)-considered largely unaffected by climate change-may also be melting at an unexpectedly rapid speed.

　　　The WAIS, whose base is below sea level, has long been considered the most likely to break down. Besides gravity, a deep current of warm water slips beneath the sheet, melting it from below until it becomes a floating shelf at risk of breaking away. In contrast, extreme cold and a base mostly above sea level are thought to keep the EAIS relatively safe from warm waters.

　　　But as greenhouse gases warm much of the planet, driving stronger polar winds, some scientists think warm water carried by a circular current will start to invade East Antarctica's once unassailable ice. A cooperation of more than 60 scientists last year, published in Nature, estimated that the EAIS actually added about 5 billion tons of ice each year from 1992 to 2017.

　　　Eric Rignot of the University of California, Irvine, and colleagues combined 40 years of satellite imagery and climate modeling and found that overall Antarctica now sends six times more ice into the sea each year than it did in 1979, with the majority coming from West Antarctica. But East Antarctica was responsible for more than 30% of Antarctica's contribution to the 13.8-millimeter sea level rise over the past 40 years. "The more we look at this system the more we realize this is fragile," Rignot says. "Once these glaciers become unstable there is no red button to press to stop it."

　　　Rignot hopes the study brings greater attention to a part of Antarctica that has traditionally been understudied. Helen Fricker, a glaciologist (冰川学家) in California, agrees. "We need to monitor the entire Antarctica and we just can't do that without international cooperation."

　　　8．What is the new finding of scientists?

　　　A．The east Antarctica is losing ice at an increasing rate.

　　　B．The west Antarctica is melting six times faster than in 1979.

　　　C．5 billion tons of ice is added to Antarctica each year.

　　　D．The sea level has risen by 13.8 mm over the past 40 years.

　　　9．Which factor leads to the EAIS's melting fast?

　　　A．A base mostly over sea level. B．The force of gravity.

　　　C．The invasion of a warm current. D．Extremely low temperature.

　　　10．Which of the following best explains "unassailable" underlined in Para. 3 ?

　　　A．Fragile. B．Unattackable.

　　　C．Mild. D．Unstable.

　　　11．Which way does Helen Fricker specially advocate?

　　　A．Satellite imagery. B．Global monitoring.

　　　C．Worldwide climate modeling. D．Worldwide combined efforts.

　　　Modern lifestyles are generally quite different from those of our hunter-gatherer ancestors, a fact that some claim as the cause of the current rise in global obesity, but new results published July 25 in the open access journal PLOS ONE find that there is no difference between the energy expenditure(耗费) of modern hunter-gatherers and Westerners, casting doubt on this theory.

The research team behind the study, led by Herman Pontzer of Hunter College in New York City, along with David Raichlen of the University of Arizona and Brian M. Wood of Stanford measured daily