The researchers, led by Dr. Jason Riis of Princeton when he was a graduate student at the University of Michigan, also found that the healthy people greatly overestimated how unhappy the sick ones would be. And the sick people overestimated how happy healthy ones would be.

　　　For the study, 49 kidney disease patients who were undergoing dialysis（透析）sections three times a week were given personal digital assistants, as 49 healthy volunteers were matched to the patients by age, race, education and sex. When the devices beeped, the subjects were asked to rate their mood on a 5-point scale, with 2 defined as "very pleasant" and minus 2 defined as "very unpleasant". On average, the kidney patients rated their mood as 0.70, while the healthy subjects rated it as 0.83. The participants were also asked to describe other emotions they might be feeling, including joy and anxiety, and to describe their levels of physical comfort. And sometimes they were asked, "How do you feel about your life as a whole?"

　　　A better understanding of how well people are able to adapt to poor health, the researchers said, could help doctors and patients make wiser choices about their medical care. Earlier studies have also found that seriously ill patients described themselves as being happy. But these patients were not given a chance to answer questions about their mood privately and repeatedly over a period of time, Dr. Riis said, and so it was unclear how accurate their responses were.

　　　12．What can be learnt from the study?

　　　A．the electronic devices used are digital assistants for dialysis

　　　B．the levels of happiness are little affected by health conditions

　　　C．all the subjects are of the same age, race, sex and education

　　　D．both patients and healthy people overestimate their own happiness

　　　13．In the research, the subjects' ratings of their mood levels were ______ on average.

　　　A．vague B．negative

　　　C．positive D．neutral

　　　14．One of Dr. Riis' concerns about the result of the research was whether ______.

　　　A．it reflected what the patients really thought

　　　B．it revealed the patients' privacy

　　　C．the questions for the patients were repeated

　　　D．the assignment for all subjects was accurate

　　　15．The research was done in order to______.

　　　A．help patients adapt to poor health

　　　B．learn patients' average level of happiness

　　　C．find the distinction between the healthy and unhealthy people

　　　D．define the extent to which health condition affects happiness

二、七选五

　　　VAR technology has been used in U.S. sports for years. Now it is fully combined with the global game of soccer and made its debut(首次亮相) at the 2018 World Cup this summer. 16．. It is actually a team who work together to review certain decisions made by the main referee by watching video replays.

　　　The VAR team supported the referees from a centralised video room. The operators selected and provided the best angles from the relevant broadcast cameras plus two additional offside cameras. 17．. They will communicate with the referees only for clear and obvious errors or serious missed incidents. The referee can delay the restart of play at any time to communicate with the VAR team. 18．, the referee would start an official review. Then they will make a decision based on the information received from the VAR team.

　　　19．. Some fans believe that VAR causes too many interruptions, disrupting the flow of the game. But others just want a fair match and to see the correct call no matter what. They argue disruptions already take place as angry players crowd around a referee following a controversial decision. 20．. With much money put into modern football, governing bodies are now under great pressure to see that the correct decisions are made on the pitch and VAR is a sure step in that.

　　　A.If one team is likely to win a game

　　　B.VAR stands for video assistant referee

　　　C.It is hard to avoid and VAR is necessary

　　　D.Once they decide an incident is reviewable

　　　E.Throughout a match they are constantly checking for mistakes

　　　F.The use of video technology is a hot topic among football watchers

　　　G.VAR can serve to remove such scenes and get the game moving again

三、完形填空

My parents managed to clear their debt before we moved to America. Neither of them spoke fluent English and neither had a professional career. Growing up, I was always aware of my family's ____21____ financial situation. I also found that Iwas responsible for my parents' hardships. I decided that my goal in life was to become successful, get a well-paying job and ___22____ them. So naturally, I took my studies seriously and worked hard to become an ______23___ high-achieving student. I dreamt to enroll in a top college to pursue greater knowledge. Like many students, I spent a lot of energy and time ___24___ my college resume. Despite my ___25___ schedule, I managed to complete the lengthy, complex___26___. I believed it, from essays to recommendation letter, was flawless-a guaranteed acceptance into this competitive program. But I had one last____27__ to overcome: to __28____ mail the application. On the