2. Learning about the making and uses of past participle

To form the past participle of a verb, add the ending -ed to the base form. (But note that many common verbs have irregular past participle forms.)

　　The past participle is used in the following circumstances

◆After the auxiliary have in the perfect tense

Has the radio been fixed yet?

◆After a form of the auxiliary be in the passive voice

The radio was fixed on Monday.

◆After the verbs have and get with a causative meaning

We had the radio fixed last week.

◆As a passive participial adjective

The recently fixed radio is broken again.

过去分词作定语 1 单个的过去分词作定语一般放在所修饰的名词之前；过去分词短语作定语一般要后置。 two married women

a found umbrella

a used stamp

fallen leaves

a novel written by Jim

the letter sent to our boss 2 过去分词具有被动或完成的含义。 What's the language spoken in Germany?

They decided to rebuild the damaged bridge. 3 过去分词作定语常可扩展为一个定语从句。 He is fond of the food cooked (=which had been cooked) by your mother.

The report is the best of its kind ever written (=that has ever been written). 4 有时通过一个形容词或数词加另一名词的ed形式构成复合形容词。 a three-legged desk a one-eyed dog

an honest-faced man a warm-hearted lady 3. Discovering words and expressions

⑴ Doing exercises