● Criticized by someone else, Tony would not have flared up like that.

除了直接修饰动词之外，过去分词或短语也可以和连词合组成短语，表示下列四种意思：

（1）由 when, whenever, while, until 等连词引导，表示" 时间"，如：

● When asked about his previous job, Bill said he had been a motor mechanic.

● Susan seldom speaks in class until spoken to.

（2）由 where, wherever 连词引导，表示"地点"，如：

● Mosquitoes should be completely exterminated where found.

● Retirees in good health should be invited to return to work wherever needed.

（3）由 if, unless 引导，表示"条件"，如：

● If kept for too long, some medicines will lose their effectiveness.

● We have made a point of not attacking unless attacked.

（4）由 though, although, even though 连词引导，表示"让步 "，如：

● Though warned of the danger, they still went mountaineering.

● Even though defeated for a second time, our team did not give up hope for the ultimate victory.

此外，过去分词短语还可以和介词"with"或"without"连用，具副词作用。如：

● With the water pipe choked, there wasn't any more water for use.

● Without anything left in the kitchen, the Wangs decided to eat out.

最后，过去分词短语，在适当情况下，可以有自己的主语而变成独立结构（the absolute construction），如：

　● The old man listened, his head inclined to one side

4. Studying the past participle as the attribute

过去分词作定语，在语态上，表被动；在时间上，表示动作已经发生或完成，与它所修饰的名词有逻辑上的动宾关系。过去分词作定语时，所修饰的名词在逻辑上相当于被动句中的主语，过去分词相当于谓语。